Emergence of Shraman Traditions

1.Buddhism and Jainism: These new religious movements arose in the Gangetic valley, challenging the established varna (caste) and jati (sub-caste) systems of Hindu society.

2.Appeal and Popularity: Both religions gained popularity for their opposition to the existing social order and their promotion of more egalitarian principles.

Political Developments

1.Rise of Magadha: During this period, Magadha emerged as a formidable kingdom, eventually dominating the region through military and strategic prowess.

2.Consolidation of Power: By the fourth century BCE, the Mauryan dynasty had established control, uniting a large part of India under a centralized administration.

Influence of Ashoka